2.1 Explain two different types of research methods used in
psychological research
There are different types of research methods used
in psychological research. These methods depend on the sources of information
that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of
instruments that are used in data collection. There are three main types of
psychological research. They are Correlational research, Descriptive research
and experimental research. The methods are varied by the way how the data are
collected by qualitative or quantitative. In this assignment, Descriptive
research and experimental research would be focused and explained.
Descriptive research
It is also known as statistical research, which
describes data and characteristics about thephenomenon being studied. It is
used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. The best approach, before writing descriptive
research, is to conduct a survey investigation. However, it does not answer
questions about how, when and why. Despite the data description is factual,
accurate and systematic; the research cannot describe the cause of the
situation. Thus, Descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal
relationship, where one variable affects another.
Experimental research
It isthe works done by the experimental methods to
study the behaviours and the process that underline it. Experimental
psychologists use human participants and animal to studymany topics, including
sensation and perception, social psychology, learning, motivation and
developmental process. It emerged as a modern academic discipline in the 19th
century when Wilhelm Wundt introduced a mathematical and experimental approach
to the field.
3.1 Evaluate the
importance of two ethical issues raised within psychological research
Psychological research must commit to a moral
code and demonstrate high ethical standards in their work. Page 125 of
Psychology for AS Level/Cardwell 1996 states that “Ethics can be defined as a consideration for what is acceptable or
right behaviour in the pursuit of a particular personal
or scientific goal”. A governing body is now in place to see ethical
guidelines in research are adhered to. The British Psychology Society (1993)
have done likewise and stated that psychological research must protect
participants' rights and dignity. Strict ethical guidelines now force
psychologists to take ethical implications into account when conducting
research, ensuring participants are aware of their rights especially if
experiencing stress or discomfort, ensuring participants leave in a similar
state as they entered, and the provision of a safe environment must be assured.
The main ethical issues are Deception, informed
consent, protection from harm and right to withdraw.
The importance of
two ethical issues: informed consent and protection from harm within
physiological research, has been focused and evaluated.
Informed consent: Researchers must give detailed information about the experiment so that
participants can agree or refuse to take part. The more risks involved in the
experiment, the more participants should be informed. Opt-in consent is when
participants sign a statement saying that they are willing to take part.
Opt-out consent is when participants are automatically included unless they sign
a statement saying that they are not willing to take part. Opt-in consent is
preferred.
The researchers must inform participants of the research objectives and
all aspects that might influence their willingness to take part. For children or adults with impairments,
consent must come from either themselves (real consent) or
parents/guardians. Researchers must
remember that participants see them as being in authority; they must not
pressurise participants. They should not use payment to induce participants to
risk harm.
Protection from harm: Physical harm
includes such factors as excessive anxiety. Psychological harm includes such
factors as loss of self-esteem or embarrassment.
There must be no more risk of harm than in ordinary life. Participants must be asked about factors that
might create a risk (e.g., medical conditions) and be advised about how to
avoid the risk. Researchers must inform
participants about how they can contact the investigators should concerns arise
after taking part. Researchers must protect the participants from stress if the
study involves private/personal experiences (e.g., assuring them that the
answers are confidential). When working with children, researchers must be
cautious about discussing results with parents/guardians as they may view
information as being more significant than it really is.
References:
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/zech/graphics/zech_1_resmethpsych/pdf/zec88196_051_078.pdf
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